🔊Hello and welcome again...
Today as per many of my follower's requests, I am breaking the chain of lectures to post some important questions. I will also add links to the previous years' question papers for your reference.
I.Essay Type questions:
(These usually carry ten marks or eight marks.)
What is the normal serum calcium level? Elaborate on the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Define glycolysis. Write the steps of the glycolytic pathway and its regulatory steps.
Describe briefly the uronic acid pathway. Write in brief the biomedical importance of this pathway.What are the sources of amino acids? Describe in brief the various functions of amino acids in the human body.
What are peptides? Describe in brief the functions of various biologically active peptides.
Draw the urea cycle, describe the inherited disorders of the urea cycle. Write in brief the biomedical basis of the treatment of hyperammonemia.
What is jaundice? Describe in brief the biomedical basis of hemolytic hepatic and obstructive jaundice.
What are lipids? Describe in brief the classification of lipids.What are eicosanoids? Write in brief the synthesis of prostaglandins. Give a note on the functions of therapeutic uses of prostaglandins.
Describe the biomedical importance of lipids.
What are fatty acids? Describe in brief the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids.
What are Ketone Bodies? Describe in brief the ketogenesis and catalyzes mention various physiological and pathological conditions that lead to ketosis.
Describe briefly the de novo synthesis of cholesterol. Give an account of the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Describe the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. State how many molecules of ATP will be gained after the complete oxidation of palmitic acid. Write a note on the biomedical significance of Beta oxidation of fatty acids.
Describe in brief the cloverleaf model of tRNA.
Describe in brief the inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation.
What are inborn errors of metabolism? Describe in brief glycogen storage diseases.
What is Diabetes mellitus? Describe in brief the metabolic changes that occur in diabetes mellitus.
Compare Type 1 and type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
What is an oral glucose tolerance test? Write in brief the clinical significance of different glucose tolerance curves in oral GTT.
Write in brief causes symptoms metabolic changes and treatment of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus.
Define enzymes, describe in brief the general properties of enzymes.
List the factors influencing enzyme activity. Describe the effects of PH and temperature on reaction velocity.
What is enzyme inhibition? Describe in brief competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition with suitable examples.
Describe in brief the regulation of enzyme activity.
What is a balanced diet? Describe the nutritional importance of different components of the diet.
What is a balanced diet? Describe in brief the factors that can influence the composition of a balanced diet.
Describe in brief dietary requirements, sources, functions, and deficiency manifestation of vitamin B12.
Describe in brief dietary requirements, sources, functions, and deficiency manifestation of Vitamin C.
Describe in brief the dietary requirement, sources, and deficiency manifestation of vitamin D. How does Vitamin D regulate plasma calcium and phosphorus level.
What are teeth? explain human tooth structure and composition of the tooth?
Describe dental caries and the composition of dentine.
Describe in brief the dietary requirement, sources, functions, and deficiency manifestation of fluoride.
Describe the factors that influence the intestinal absorption of iron.
Describe Glycolysis and explain its regulation, energetics, and importance
II. Write Notes on:
(These usually carry Five or Three Marks each.)
1. Polysaccharides.
2. Competitive Inhibition.
3. Essential amino acids.
4. Scurvy.
5. Jaundice
6. Inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism [gout, xanthinuria, severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID), inherited deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase(PNP), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, orotic aciduria, Reye's syndrome
7. Tay Sachs disease
8. Sphingolipids
9. Biomedical importance of Beta oxidation
10.mRNA
11.tRNA
12. Nucleotides
13. Cortisol
14. Biomedical significance of bile salts
15. Factors that decrease the serum cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of CHD
16. leukotrienes
17. Gout
18. Heteropolysaccharides and Homopolysaccharides
19. Biomedical importance of Carbohydrates
20. Derivatives of monosaccharides and their biomedical importance
21. Dextrans
22. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
23. Biomedical significance of HMP shunt
24. Biomedical importance of Cori cycle
25. Biomedical importance of sorbitol pathway
26. PDH complex
27. Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism
28. Glycoproteins and mucoproteins
29. Proteins biomedical significance of fibrinogen
30. Biomedical significance of LDL and VLDL
31. Write a short note on HDL and its significance
32. Write a short note on Bence Jones protein
33. Chylomicrons
34. Plasma lipoproteins
35. Hartnup's disease
36. Transport of ammonia in the blood
37. Catecholamines
38. Bile pigments
39. Iodine number
40. Waxes
41. Cholesterol
42. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
43. Rancidity
44. Ketone bodies
45. Bile acids and bile salts
46. Describe the factors that influence the intestinal absorption of calcium.
47. list various liver function tests describe any one of them in detail. 48. Describe in brief the clinical importance of estimation of serum GPT and Alkaline phosphatase.
49. Differentiate between three Types of Jaundice on the basis of various liver function tests.
50. Describe various kidney function test and their importance.
51. Creatinine clearance test is considered better than urea clearance test why?
52. Differentiate between respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis
53. What is order toxification describe in the brief mechanism of detoxification?
54. What do you understand by respiratory chain mention the inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport chain?
55. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Describe the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis. Write a note on inherited disorders of oxidative phosphorylation.
56. What is transcription hence translation.
57. Regulation of gene expression
58. Describe biological carcinogens
59. Blood glucose regulation.
60. Diabetes Mellitus.
61. Histones
62. Difference between replication and transcription or comparison between replication and transcription
63. Oxidative phosphorylation
64. Inhibitors of Respiratory Chain and oxidative phosphorylation
65. Xenobiotics
66. Cytochrome p450 mixed-function oxidase system
67. Iron storage proteins
68. disease
69. Functions of copper
70. Hypocalcemic tetany
71. Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
72. lead toxicity
73. Nutritional importance of minerals
74. Hematuria
75. Describe in the brief the composition of normal urine
76. free acidity of gastric juice and describe in the brief composition of gastric juice.
77. Pellagra
78. Renal rickets
79. Deficiency manifestation of thiamine
80. Describe protein-energy malnutrition(PEM)
81. What is BMR
82. SDA
83. Factors influencing BMR
84. Dietary sources and deficiency manifestations of water-soluble vitamins
85. Hypervitaminosis A
86. Role of vitamin K in blood coagulation
87. Visual cycle
88. Pernicious anemia
89. Dietary sources and deficiency manifestation of fat-soluble vitamins
90. Rickets
91. Antioxidant action of Vitamin E
92. Coenzymes and cofactors
93. Diagnostic importance of LDH and CPK in myocardial infarction.
94. Enzymes of Diagnostic importance.
95. Diagnostic importance of SGPT andSGOT
96. Allosteric regulation of enzyme activity
97. Describe in brief phenyl Ketone urea
98. Sphingolipidoses
99. Essential pentosuria
100. Pompe's disease
101. Maple syrup urine disease
102. Alkaptonuria
103. Describe in brief the hormones that influence and control blood glucose levels.
OR
104. How does our body regulate the blood glucose level?
105. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
106. Hyperglycemic hormones.
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